Welcome to http://www.protopage.com/1dakotaaubreyallison#Untitled/Introduction we will be telling you about the Arctic national wildlife refuge. We hope you enjoy this. Thank You for choosing our web page.
Your friends,
Allison Booms
Aubrey Shepeard
Dakota Collins
1st Hour
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| Snow still covers the windswept tundra in spring. |
You are looking south to the Brooks Range.
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The coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is pitted with ponds during the short summer.
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recived 6/6/11 Weather for Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, North Slope, AK | ||||||||||||||||
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| The gray wolf was once found throughout North America, Europe, and Asia. Today, in North America they are found mainly in Canada and Alaska, with a few in Minnesota and Mexico. A gray wolf will protect its kill from intruders. |
Third level Consumer
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The feathers of the snowy owl stay white year-round.
Secondary Consumer
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| In fall, brown fur begins to get patches of white, excellent camouflage in patchy snow. By winter, the coat is solid white.
Primrary Consumer |
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| Alpine azaleas are a small variety of azalea. Azaleas are popular for landscaping. Producer |
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Sedges form tussocks on the tundra.
Snow still covers the windswept tundra in spring.
Snow can benefit plants and animals because of its insulating qualities. Snow shelters plants and animals from the strong winds and protects the ground from disturbance. Small mammals, such as lemmings, make tunnels beneath the snow and avoid detection by predators.
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 | And of course, clouds provide the back drop for some of the best sunsets! |
| Abiotic components are the nonliving components of the biosphere. Chemical and geological factors, such as rocks and minerals, and physical factors, such as temperature and weather, are referred to as abiotic components. |
| The continental ice sheet retreated from this area about 9 thousand years ago. It left an area of ground up rock material on the land surface with a tremendous amount of melt water. This caused the formation of a huge lake in which many layers of sediment, composed mostly of silt and clay, were deposited. This formed what is known as a lacustrine plain. It is through these layers that the relatively young Smoky River carves its path. |  Photo credit: Canadian Soil Information Service
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Looking south to the Brooks Range.
The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in the northeast corner of Alaska is one of the most pristine, undisturbed places on Earth. It covers 7,700,000 hectares (19 million acres). To the south is the rugged Brooks Range and to the north, the icy Arctic Ocean. The 600,000-hectare (1.5 million-acre) coastal plain is the most productive part of the refuge and the area used most by wildlife. This area is dominated by an ecosystem known as middle arctic tundra. The treeless landscape is flat and covered with low-growing plants.
The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is sometimes called America's Serengeti because of the number of animals that live here. Huge herds of caribou, as well as polar bears and musk ox, roam this vast plain. The Gwich'in Athabascan Indians have depended on these animal resources for over 12,000 years.
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| Courtesy of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service | Courtesy of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service |
| During seismic exploration activities in March 1985, vehicles compacted the snow and damaged underlying plants. | Fifteen years later, scars from the seismic exploration activities can still be seen. |
A developed oil field might look like this one in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska.
when man kind gose bulldozing in the arctic we are destroying this defensless foxes home killing eney thing in the bull dozers path. |  |
| Courtesy of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service | Courtesy of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service |
| Musk ox huddle together for protection from predators and cold weather. | Snow geese and other migratory birds nest in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge during the short summer. |
Retrieved on 6/1/11 from
Reindeer lichen is also called reindeer moss, but it is not a true moss.
It is a bushy, branched lichen.
Produced through photosynthesis
This leafy lichen is a favorite of caribou.
retrieved on 6/1/11 from:
retrieved on 6/1/11 from https://biomesfirst10.wikispaces.com/Tundra+Facts
This website I found on google, but has more info on the reindeer lichen.
Reproduction-
The reprodution has very slow growth. It only grows about 1-2 in. per year.
Abiotic Impact-
The productivity depends on light, water, and temperature levels. It grows the most quickly in the spring and fall when the humidity is high and temperatures are low.
Human Impact-
Because of its short growing seasons, lichens take a long time to recover from human disturbances.
Lichen serves as the major food of the caribou, especially during the winter. Caribou use a front antler tine and hooves to scrape snow cover away from lichen.
Retrieved on 6/2/11 from http://fossweb.com/modulesMS/kit_multimedia/PopulationsandEcosystems/menu.html
Note- All information was used from http://fossweb.com/modulesMS/kit_multimedia/PopulationsandEcosystems/organismdatabase/orgpages/1089_0.html
More links found on links tab for more sources.
retrieved on 6/1/11 from
Food-
Caribou are browsers and grazers, eating lichen, moss, leaves of shrubs and forbs, and grass. They will chew on dropped antlers as a source of calcium. Caribou occasionally eat lemmings when they are plentiful.
Predators-
Wolves, bears, wolverines, and lynx. Golden eagles may prey on very young calves. Flies and mosquitoes feed on blood.
retrieved on 6/1/11 from Lawrence Hall of Science © 2006 UC Regents. All rights reserved.
Updated August 28, 2006
Range-
Tundra and taiga in Alaska, most of Canada.
Natural History-
Caribou usually travel in large herds as they migrate between summer and winter ranges. Migrations may cover 1000 km (600 mi.). Summer migrations are usually led by pregnant cows, moving toward calving grounds. During migrations, several bands may join together and form herds of 10,000 animals.
retrieved on 6/1/11 from Lawrence Hall of Science © 2006 UC Regents. All rights reserved.
Updated August 28, 2006
Abiotic Impact-
Create well-worn trails during migrations
Human Impact-
Traditional migration routes are easily disturbed by roads and development. Hunting has weakened or eliminated many southern herds.
retrieved on 6/1/11 from
Shelter-
Caribou live in open and semiopen tundra and taiga. In the winter they live in taiga conifer forests, where they have extra cover. Summer ranges tend to be more open, windswept areas to avoid biting flies.
Reproduction-
Rut (mating season) is October to November. One calf is born to a female, May to July. Calves are well developed at birth, able to stand and run within several hours
retrieved on 6/1/11 from
Caribou are migratory animals.
Caribou shed their antlers yearly.
When the antlers grow in, they are covered in a thin, velvety skin.
Healthier Caribou sport larger, more robust antlers.
Caribou mainly eat reindeer lichen
retrieved on 6/1/11 from Lawrence Hall of Science © 2006 UC Regents. All rights reserved.
Updated August 28, 2006
Abiotic Impact-
Foxes dig a lot around their dens. This disturbance of the soil creates ideal habitat for grasses.
Human Impact-
Humans hunt foxes for their fur.
retrieved on 6/2/11 from Lawrence Hall of Science © 2006 UC Regents. All rights reserved.
Updated August 28, 2006
A fox will make its den in a in bank or hillside, and in the winter, its den is in a snowbank. Breeding pairs are monogamous and breed once a year. Females prepare a nest in a summer den that has several entrances. Mating occurs in late winter, with a litter born in April or May. Litter size can be up to 14 pups. The male gathers food and protects the den during the first few days. Both parents rear the pups.
retrieved on 6/2/11 from Lawrence Hall of Science © 2006 UC Regents. All rights reserved.
Updated August 28, 2006
retrieved on 6/2/11 from northerniraq.info
You can find more info on these links...
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Official Arctic National Wildlife Refuge - http://www.r7.fws.gov/nwr/arctic/arctic.html
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge - http://www.anwr.org/
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: A Special Report - http://arcticcircle.uconn.edu/ANWR/
Benjamin P. Nageak of the Inupiat people and former mayor of North Slope Borough, Alaska, on Arctic National Wildlife development - http://www.anwr.org/people/nageak.html
City of Kaktovik, Alaska, ANWR Survey - http://www.kaktovik.com/anwr_survey.htm
Congressional Research Service, CRS Issue Brief for Congress: The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, September 1996 - http://cnie.org/NLE/CRSreports/Biodiversity/biodv-14.cfm
Congressional Research Service, CRS Issue Brief for Congress: The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: The Next Chapter, August 2001 - http://cnie.org/NLE/CRSreports/Natural/nrgen-23.cfm
Faith Gemmill of the Gwich'in Indian Nation - http://www.alaska.net/~gwichin/background.html
George N. Ahamaogk, North Slope Borough mayor - http://www.anwr.org/features/ahmaogak-speech.htm
Gwich'in Steering Committee - http://www.alaska.net/~gwichin/index.html
Lon Sonsalla, mayor, City of Kaktovik, Alaska - http://www.anwr.org/features/whotocall.htm
Michael Grunwald, Washington Post staff writer, Some Facts Clear in the War of Spin over Arctic Refuge, Wednesday, March 6, 2002 - http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A44300-2002Mar5?language=printer
Mortimer B. Zuckerman, editor in chief, U.S. News & World Report - http://www.anwr.org/features/conundrum.htm
Norma Kassi, Gwich'in activist and Caribou Commons Project speaker - http://www.cariboucommons.com/issue/issue.html
Northern Alaska Environmental Center, Alaska's Arctic - http://northern.org/artman/publish/arctic.shtml
R. Dobie Langenkamp, National Energy-Environment Law and Policy Institute (NELPI), University of Tulsa, Oklahoma - http://www.anwr.org/anwrtest/FP98/caribou.htm
Roger Kaye and Jim Kurth, The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: The Evolving Meaning of a Symbolic Landscape - http://alaska.fws.gov/nwr/arctic/indiacon.html
Taiga Net, Porcupine Caribou Herd - http://www.taiga.net/caribou/pch/
Tanana Chiefs Conference, Inc., board of directors, Resolution No. 90-2, March 1990 - http://arcticcircle.uconn.edu/ANWR/tanana.html
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, news release, Secretary Babbitt on USGS Assessment of Oil Reserves under Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, May 1998 - http://darwin.eeb.uconn.edu/Documents/fws-980517.html
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, news release, Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt on New Legislation by Senator Frank Murkowski to Permit Oil Exploration in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, March 2000 - http://news.fws.gov/NewsReleases/R9/A11C3D39-AC20-11D4-A179009027B6B5D3.html
USGS report, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 1002 Area, Petroleum Assessment, 1998, Including Economic Analysis - http://geology.cr.usgs.gov/pub/fact-sheets/fs-0028-01/fs-0028-01.htm
recived 6/2/11
Where I found info on Reindeer Lichen:
Where I found my info on caribou:
For information about the arctic fox (where I found it):
For more info on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge/the website:
